Russian scientists found excitons in nickel oxide for the first time
Russian scientists from Ural Federal University (UrFU) together with their colleagues from Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Department of Russian Academy of Sciences studied fundamental characteristics of nickel oxide nanocrystals and found excitons on the light absorption edge for the first time. An exciton is an electron-hole pair bound with electrostatic coupling that migrates in a crystal and transmits energy within it. The presence of an exciton in the studied area allows for detailed research of edge parameters in permitted energy bands. This may be useful for the development of new generation optoelectronic devices. The results of the study were published in Physica B: Physics of Condensed Matter journal.
It is impossible to imagine modern world without electricity. By the ability to conduct electricity all solid objects, liquids and (under certain circumstances) gases are divided into conductors and dielectrics. The former conduct electricity, and the latter, respectively, do not. A group between them is called semiconductors. In their case conductivity occurs due to the movement of charged electrons and holes within the crystal. They are found in systems with impurities that can either release or receive electrons, as well as after irradiation with high-energy light.
"In the physics of semiconductors, there is a notion of fundamental adsorption edge that indicated the edge-level energy of light adsorption. It corresponds to the energy gap - the area of energies an electron has to pass in the course of movement under the influence of light from the valence band (where it is usually located) to the conductivity band. A positively charged empty space that occurs at this place is called a hole. Its electrostatic (Coulombic) interaction with the electron in the conduction band causes the formation of an electron-hole pair, or and exciton. In the optic spectrum it can be seen as a narrow line a little below the fundamental adsorption edge. Notably, an exciton does not participate in electrical conductivity, but transfers the absorbed energy" comments Anatoly Zatsepin, a co-author of the article, and the head of a scientific lab at UrFU.
Excitons bond energy is too small, so the temperature should be low in order to register them.
After being irradiated with the light of the short wavelength range, such as UV radiation, an electron-hole pair collapses as the excitation is too high. Excessive energy is released also in the form of radiation, and its spectrum may be registered. This is how excitons were found in nanosized (one nanometer is 10-9 m) crystals of nickel oxide. It should be pointed out that a system like this is highly correlated, i.e. the interaction between its parts is very strong that determines the occurrence of such interesting phenomena. The research team studied fundamental adsorption edge at low temperatures and found out lines in which intensity decreased when the temperature was growing. These facts as well as the values of energies indicate their exciton nature. Scientists also studied fundamental characteristics of magnesium oxide nanocrystals with small admixtures of nickel. In this case excitons were formed upon the transition of the electron (and therefore the negative charge) from the valence band of the main component to the admixture area. The hole was bound with an electrostatic field generated by the electron. The detection of excitons is a sensitive tool for studying the complicated structure of the border area between the valence band and the conductivity band in semiconductors.
"We first found excitons with charge transfer at the boundary of fundamental adsorption in nickel oxide and at the impurity adsorption edge in magnesium oxide. These results may be of interest to specialists in theoretical physics who study the band structure of oxides with strong correlations. NiO has been considered as prototype of such oxides for a long time, and many calculation schemes have been tested using this object. The results may also be relevant for the development of new optoelectronic devices," concludes Anatoly Zatsepin.
The experimental work was accomplished in the new department of UrFU - the Physics of Functional Materials in Micro- and Optoelectronics lab of Institute of Physics and Technology, UrFU.
